![]() Source: Crime in the United States 2017 Table 35 Total UCR arrests declined more dramatically among men than among women between 20, due in part to a much greater increase in arrests of women for drug violations. 4 Changes in arrest patterns over 5 years, by sex Table 1. Over the past five years – while the country has been in the throes of the opioid epidemic – drug arrests have increased 6 percent among men, but almost 25 percent among women. Of the more than 2 million arrests of women in 2017, 13.9 percent were for drug abuse violations – second only to property crimes (15.8 percent), and far more frequent than arrests for violent crimes (3.8 percent). 3Īn increase in arrests of women for drug offenses helps explain why women’s arrest rates have remained steady, even as crime rates have hit historic lows and men’s arrest rates have plummeted. As a result, women make up an increasingly large share of all arrests as of 2017, women accounted for 27 percent of all arrests, up from 21 percent in 1997, and just 16 percent in 1980. As men’s arrest rates have fallen women’s arrest rates have remained fairly flat. However, this drop was mostly due to fewer arrests of men: the number of men arrested declined by 30.4 percent in that time, while the number of women arrested declined only 6.4 percent. has dropped by more than 30 percent, from 15.3 million in 1997 to 10.6 million in 2017. In the past two decades, the total number of arrests in the U.S. Part 1: Gender differences in interactions with police Arrests: Women make up an increasingly large share of arrests 2 The second section of this briefing includes our analysis of the most recent PPCS survey (conducted in 2015), to finally offer a view – from nationally representative data – of how women of different races and ethnicities experience police-initiated encounters differently than each other and men. The PPCS partially fills that gap by including both sex and race/ethnicity of survey respondents however, the BJS reports based on that survey do not engage this valuable intersectional data. To complement this data, we also examine differences in other police encounters reported in the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) Contacts Between Police and the Public (CPP) reports, which are based on responses to the Police-Public Contact Survey (PPCS).Ĭritically, the UCR Program does not require police to report arrests by both sex and race/ethnicity, so that dataset offers no way to compare arrest trends of white, Black, and Latina women to each other or to their male counterparts. We first look at trends in arrest data from the FBI’s Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program. To shed more light on how women’s experiences at the front end of the criminal justice system differ from men’s experiences, we look at both arrest data and data about women’s other contacts with police. Yet while increasing recognition of women as a growing share of prison and jail populations has prompted facilities to adopt gender-responsive policies and practices, women’s rising share of arrests and other police contact has received less attention and policy response. In fact, women make up an increasing share of arrests and report much more use of force than they did twenty years ago. But as Andrea Ritchie details in Invisible No More: Police Violence Against Black Women and Women of Color, women, too, are subject to racial profiling, use of excessive force, and any number of violations of their rights and dignity by police. They are also largely invisible in the the data. In particular, the experiences of women and girls 1 – especially Black women and other women of color – are lost in the national conversation about police practices. ![]() But despite their crucial role in the process, we know less about these police encounters than other stages of the criminal justice system. ![]() ![]() Before any bail hearing, pretrial detention, prosecution, or sentencing, there is contact with the police. Jails have been described as the criminal justice system’s “front door,” but jail incarceration typically begins with the police, with an arrest. Policing Women: Race and gender disparities in police stops, searches, and use of force We analyze gender and racial disparities in traffic and street stops, including arrests, searches, and use of force that occurs during stops. ![]()
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